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Bachrach, Bernard S. Jews in Barbarian Europe, Kansas 1977
Bowers, W. P. ‘‘Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle.’’ Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 26 (1975): 395-402.
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Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400-1000. New York, 1995.
De Lange, Nicolas. “The Hebrew Language in the European Diaspora.” In Studies on the Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, ed. Benjamin Isaac and Aharon Oppenheimer, 111-37. Tel Aviv, 1996.
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Leon, Harry J. The Jews of Ancient Rome. Peabody, MA, 1995, 1960.
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